You who read this can, an engineer, a mechanic, an inventor, a student, or even someone without a technical background. My observation is that the general public with little knowledge of basic research and also engineers and other professionals often lack fundamental insights, despite being in their specific areas of advanced. This often leads to projects not feasible and wrong decisions based on incorrect assumptions that no computer can be corrected.
I myself am a graduate engineerB. Sc level both in mechanics and electrics. However, most people know what I'm worth knowing today as an engineer, I have learned from practical experience and then backing it with my own theoretical studies. He forced me to focus on the basics. If you have the basics right, the rest is only method, where the computer can be very helpful, but let it not "think" for you!
If you have no technical background, why would you need to have a basic knowledge of all this, you may ask?Well, we live in a technological society and we are with technology issues and products face that we need to understand the basics of make right decisions. Ever bought expensive "energy saving" light bulbs that need while at the same time to heat your house? Do you think hydrogen and / or fuel cells are energy sources? Do you think energy can be produced and consumed? Would you invest money in solar panels or other renewable energy technology for your home? The more these kind of thingsYou to apply, the more you need to read this article.
The laws of Newton
The metric or SI system of units is based on Newton's laws, and so is most of modern mechanics and dynamics. They are essential for basic understanding:
A mass of first object remains in its current move at the speed and direction, unless it is compelled to change it by external forces work.
The second acceleration of aObject is proportional to the force F working on it and inversely proportional to its mass m. Therefore, the effective force is given by: F = ma
A third force on an object will yield a counter-force of equal strength in the opposite direction: action = reaction.
Although these laws seem simple, they are often misapplied or overlooked. Especially the third law seems to be the fundamental, yetnot entirely through science and topic for discussions at the highest level (as you can move a table, for example, understand how it pushes back with the same force?).
Power and energy.
Power and energy are very often confused. For example, a flash, a tree was divided into two halves, is very powerful, but it has very little energy because it lasted only a fraction of a second. Energy is the area of energy and time. The power is in watts and energy expressed in joules – 1Watt is one Joule per second, therefore, an inverse J = 1 Was (Watt second). If you would apply for one hour a power of 1000 watts (1 kW = 1 kJ / s), which is about what you need an iron, the energy is involved and that 1 kWh is equal to 3600 kJ. If you are developing instead the energy in one second, the power is 3600 kW or 3.6 MW – a small power plant! So if a thunderbolt had a power of 10 GW and say lasted a millisecond (it looks much longer, because the red-hot airaround it), it contained a lot of energy of only 10 MJ = 10,000 kJ, not more than 2.8 kWh, or to power an iron for about three hours! If you would brochures in dimensions such as kilowatts per hour, or read horsepower per hour, you can know that the author has no idea what he's talking / her.
Energy is also the spectrum of violence and traveled way. If you lift a mass of 1 kg to a height of 1 meter, the force needed for this is the choice of mass and acceleration due to gravity, as perNewton's second law. On Earth, the gravitational acceleration is 9.8 meters per second squared, which we can be 10 rounds. The lifting force is then 10 kilograms meters per second squared, which one is the Newton (N) and the work is done, then 10 Nm (Newton meters), the 10 Joule: 1 J = 1 Nm.
The same confusion exists about temperature and energy. What would you prefer in your hand, a 1 inch red-hot needle, or a 4-inch red-hot bolts? Although both have the same temperature,The needle is just to run a bubble, while the screw, you have no hand. The bars have a lot more energy (more mass) than the needle and that makes the difference, not the temperature.
If you would be interested in a solar panel to heat water in your house, the temperature can yield it is therefore not so important. Instead they pay for energy, and that's what you want to save. Ideally, a solar system should operate at a low temperature, so it does notloose too much heat through the insulation and create instead a bigger flow. Then save more energy = money, because of the higher efficiency in the work your solar panel. To achieve the desired water temperature in the kitchen and bathroom, you can also say heat with an electric heater. The combination with a heat pump, which would also heat from your hot waste water, the absolute best results (but high installation costs). Read more about it at the end of thisArticle.
But to optimize the manufacturers of solar panels on temperature, which is not a good selling point for the energy public. At higher temperatures, size, and thus the cost of the entire system, including memory, become smaller, which also sold better. They do not talk much or at all on the efficiency, the relationship between how much solar energy hits the solar panel and how much that you use at the end. They talk about capacity instead – SolarEnergy is "free"!
Next to consider is the pressure. Normally it is that a liquid, such as a gas. It is in Pascal (Pa), the force (N) per unit area and thus 1 Pa = 1 N / m (newtons per square meter). The atmospheric pressure at sea level is about 100 kPa, that is 100.000 N / m². In technical descriptions, it is also often called bar – a bar is so atmospheric pressure. Pressure can also be seen as a stress in materials, tension. In the SI system of units, pressure and voltage areThus, both expressed in Pascal.
Then there is contact printing. This makes working a knife. The sharper the knife, the smaller its marginal area (A) and for a given force (F), the contact pressure (F / A) is greater, expressed in Pascal. With this, all units in the SI system are given. It has only three basic units, the KG for the masses, the meters for length / distance, and the second for time. There are no conversions necessary
Parturient movements.
From Newton's thirdLaw follows that the exercise to work on a mechanical object in rotation, two forces, one a centripetal force, the objects move to the center of rotation, and a centrifugal force, care to push it out radially away from this center. When the mechanical contact with the pivot point is broken suddenly, at this moment no forces on the object and so it will not work move to Newton's first law, ie it holds its speed in the direction it was in the momentto lose just before the contact. The pace was, and is directed tangential to the object "fly out" in the tangential direction, not radial. be, in fact, not centrifugal forces exist, because then there is no net force on an object in its circular path would keep – there is only the centripetal force. This is a hot point of discussion in science – Newton's third law.
Therefore, if you're in a car that makes a sharp curve, then the body does not slide against the inside of the car(Centrifugal force), but the interior of the car pushes the body into the turn (centripetal force). As per Newton's first law, your body wants its direction of motion to keep straight, just before the curve – it is called inertia. There is only one force, the centripetal one (free movement in the gravitational field, as the orbits of the planets and satellites in general relativity theory, which we discuss not be described here).
This leads to the concept of "slow" systems, whichReference systems, which is covered by Newton's laws. An accelerated system is therefore not an inertial system, because it describes movements would not follow Newton's laws. This caused a major point of confusion, as follows:
If you are an inventor of the "fantastic" mechanical machines, which you should really understand implemented by impulse. Pulses (p) is the amount of movement, while the spectrum of the velocity (v) and mass (m) equal to the supply of labor (F) and the Working(T): Ft = mv = p. A momentum has a direction, the (kinetic) energy pulses can not and therefore a positive or a negative sign between opposite directions have the movement. Because momentum is a function of force (time derivative of it), Newton's third law requires that the sum of all his momentum moving components within a system (machine) must be zero. But many inventors, unaware Create a resulting momentum that the system is accelerated.
What they do isMixture of reference and pulse with energy. When you consider a mechanical system (machine), that a certain mass, but also internally moving parts, the resulting momentum for such parts, the sum of all pulses, zero relative, the system is the focus, but not necessarily relative a stationary reference frame (observer), in which the whole system (machine) can be moving (at constant speed). The sum of the kinetic energy of all internal moving parts, is of coursea positive value (negative energy is less than nothing). This value is the system of internal (kinetic) energy. Because this internal energy is needed to move the internal parts, it can have no energy to the system (to speed machine) as a whole. On the contrary, the energy all the time, the friction that the internal moving parts are exposed to be used overcome, otherwise they would come to a standstill. This is true converts heat energy.
Unfortunately, there are severalPatents for designs that claim to be "Inertial drives for space ships or whatever. You may have invented, some of which ruined their economies to private, were not satisfied with the basics of dynamics, as discussed above. See some examples of those unfortunate here: http://jnaudin.free.fr/html/IPEmain.htm
Mechanical engineering concepts
Now imagine had a ball, which is perfectly sphericaland a table that is perfectly smooth, so when the ball is placed on the table, the contact surface is a dimensionless point – which is also always zero. Then the contact pressure F / 0 is infinity, no matter how bright the ball – it must be something to break. No material could withstand an infinite contact pressure and it follows that even with the most fantastic materials are still being developed, a smooth machine could ever built (the ideal point and line would be requiredContacts).
Some inventors have a problem with how a patent, I once saw where one was 15 cm (6 inch) diameter cylinders at 1500 rpm rotating in a slightly larger cylinder, supported by a number of smaller roles in the size of a few millimeter – it looked like a ball bearing in cross section. These roles would rotate min at 50,000 rpm. You see in every camp table, what are the speed limits and you would see that this design goes far beyond the borders;Self-destruction by friction!
Another problem is that many inventors, is to assess potential leakage. Leakage is a function of pressure ratio, not the pressure difference and varies with the cube of the distance between the borders. It means that the same sealing device that, in such a deep U-boat submerged leak, more would expire in a spaceship, because the pressure in proportion to the vacuum is infinitely – many do not seem to know. Moreover, even lessknown is that the best seal is achieved with a single, unbroken line seal, ideally a circle.
Therefore, the round oscillating piston machine will prevail over any rotational displacement concept that several broken (contains discontinuous) sealing lines. These concepts can be used and rotational energy in low-duty applications, where they have their advantages, such as are used in air-driven hand tools, industrial compressors, etc, but not in heavy-duty engines.Therefore, the Wankel was never commercial, except for a few years in cars from the German NSU, that it went bankrupt in the 1970s.
One can see, the "terrible" designs in various patents, the worst that I as a motor, consisting of a Torus tube with a slit on its inner track by a piston rod, we have seen, at a round piston that moves in Torus while flat plates were pushed radially and to move from the Torus compression and expansion chambers are -at best, a good wiper cream (but it got a gold medal in the competition inventor – his glorious funeral)!
Many inventors have tried to find a linear transmission that replaced the hanging crankshaft. It has several disadvantages, such as the vibrations cause a higher order, but most of all side-forces caused the pistons, which are in excessive wear and leakage. I once read a statement from a development manager at Volkswagen in Germany that the crank mechanism itself stands for20% of fuel consumption. All alternative designs I have seen, in fact, the linear piston movement transformed into a rotating one on the shaft without lateral forces on the pistons, but they generate the same or a higher lateral forces on moving parts elsewhere in the design, whereby excessive friction and wear it – definitely no fuel savings. I have a design that contains no moving parts are found, but consists of rotating components only (I got the idea when I'm with myChildren in a carousel-round). If I had only come to this 100 years ago, I could have done it, but now is the hanging crankshaft is so well established in automated production lines that can not be modified to be more. I hade almost done with it Compair-Reavel in the UK, about 20 years ago, but they found it at the end too expensive to change their production line – my bad luck!
Thermodynamics
Another basic thing that is often misunderstood, the energy can not"Used up". Certainly, the gasoline you put in your car is gone, but the energy that it is still being developed there, only to stay for all eternity. All the chemical energy that was stored in the original fuel is converted into heat. First, at high temperatures in the motor car, but then decaying at ambient heat. The rest is converted to heat by friction, the tires on the road, the gearbox, air resistance, etc. All the energy that we are "divided use" With our technology finallyHeat at ambient temperature, not the light from lamps to your home, know that
So there is the concept of "waste heat" as to "useful heat" opposed. What makes sense? Take "energy saving" light bulbs, for example. If you are in a cold climate where your house, a normal cheap incandescent light bulb heat actually living provides 100% usable energy from the 5% light, the rest is heat, the heat helps at home, but this is not what you be said. Only 5% light brought forward as a useful ""and we are told that you "waste" 95%, with a normal light bulb. Only in warm climates, especially third world countries with very expensive electricity or in refrigerated rooms, makes the use of energy saving lamps sense!
The misunderstanding by the public, is that useful energy "used up" and not wasting energy. The real situation is that the usable energy is only used, but not "consumed" and is wasted after use exactly the same. That is why your electricity bill comes back every month -nothing of what you used is left. Therefore, you are used to read all about "energy" and "energy consumption", not the least of policy makers in energy! It shows that there is no basic public understanding of the company, the energy and about as feasible projects are initiated, wasting time and (your tax) money.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can not be created (produced) nor destroyed (consumed). We can only convert energy from one form toanother and the second law of thermodynamics states that it must eventually decay at ambient temperature, heat and so it is not. Although many know that at the end of the story is for them, as far as the First Law is concerned. However, says the scientific definition of the First Law, that if you have energy to add a system to bring it in another state, you have the same amount of energy to bring it back to its original state. Of course, because if we could do more to remove energy wouldcreated out of nothing, and if less, would disappear into the void energy. This formulation has significant consequences, as follows:
Consider an ideal hydrogen (water) motor, with which we pour it in water on one side and the same water and useful mechanical energy is on the other side. Because the engine returns the same water was used as (initially as a vapor, but as a condensation of water at room temperature), can not it be a net output of the engine – it would havecreated out of nothing. If an exit anyway, this means that after the energy and applied, not only had the water. Yes, we must use energy to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. If this could be done with an efficiency of 100% (electrolysis, only 60%), so that energy as mechanical work could occur on the shaft. This then means that the hydrogen was only an energy converter, definitely not an energy source!
Hydrogen does not occur in free form on Earth,as do fossil fuels and hydrogen can therefore never be a source of energy. Give me a dollar for every article that says different and I will be turned off! If there were a way to free hydrogen at much less energy to receive as inputs, which are combustion with oxygen in the production, yes, would it then become a source of energy, but such a method has not yet been found.
Instead of splitting water, can the hydrogen from natural gases like methane are obtained. However, it shows that theOverall efficiency of such a loop hydrogen in a combustion engine would have a slightly lower overall efficiency than the use of natural gas (or bio-gas) directly into a combustion engine. Moreover, hydrogen is to store a very delicate natural gas and process it. Not only it is very explosive, but it tends to shine through most metals as well. It is very extensive, to help curb times more than air, ten, and must therefore be brought on high pressure on the volume and takes a lot of compressionEnergy. Liquefied would be even more energy, plus a temperature problem for storage as well. There is, materials received, the hydrogen gas at a lower temperature and give it back at a higher temperature, probably the better way, but also not cheap and practical in the distribution system. All together, there is no economy in hydrogen engines, but it can have an environmental advantage – the only viable argument for the use to do it, unless the consumer wants to pay the higher costs,You?
The same can be said of fuel cells that operate with hydrogen – they produce water (water vapor) and require a regular supply offresh hydrogen and oxygen work to continually get where, how? should produce Yes, the energy, fuel cells, "originally comes from fossil fuels to produce hydrogen at the input. Can we, the "non-pollutant called" energy? A fuel cell is not an energy source, only an energy converter.
The importance of the use of spontaneity in physical processes is largelyunknown because it has to do with entropy, which did not explain very well in schools. So I have to learn in practice, by trial and error, was that if you want to separate liquids from each other, you have to try a design by which this happens as spontaneously as possible to find, for example, "smart" pipes, rather than using filters. The more you try to force it on with different design details, the more you will lose in effectiveness – you "produce" entropy, as it is wrongly called. The more youForce for a process (introduction of the "inefficiencies", as it is correct), the greater the change in entropy is, the lower is no longer effective. Entropy is an essential part of the second law of thermodynamics, not to say the whole thing, but there is no general agreement among scientists, what entropy is – very confusing.
The second law is actually not a "real" law because it is based on observations only on any physical principle. This means that if theobservations would change, the second law should change, but this is not what it's on a law making. In everyday life we experience that most things do not happen spontaneously, but only accidents, accidents, or to do in general ("Murphy's Law"). If we want things to happen, we usually do the work for him. This allowed us to formulate the second law as follows: "For only then free, the sun is rising". On the Internet, this wording of the Second Law is violated much of millions of Web pages,try to make believe that for a small investment, you can become rich very soon. But that is not engineering (instead of "religion"), so I leave with you, know that
In technology, especially when it comes to renewable energy, is the second law is also often violated, or rather ignored. Oh yes, that is solar energy is free, but you can not use it for free, why not? Because it is widely distributed in nature and thus the effort to collect it in a point of use and to present them in a usable form,is very large and you have to pay for these expenses. Use of fossil fuels is cheaper and easier, and that's what we do instead. The same would apply to nuclear power plants, but there are the "environmentalists" to impede successful they have been – with thanks from the Arab oil sheiks.
Renewable energy is something that the second law is against it because they spread into the environment, does not want to collect them for our use. Therefore, these renewable energy sources are those high-entropy,ie one has to do a lot of work to make use of them (low efficiency). There is one exception, however, and that's hydro-electric power. The forces of nature really all the work for us, by collecting rain water in high-altitude reservoirs, ready to use, for us, they are low entropy sources. But here the choice for the "environmentalists" to be held for the oil sheiks.
Next would heat pumps, refrigerators are inverted. A heat pump takes heat from the environment, usuallythe ambient air, is by generating a cold surface. This area is small, but it actually stores heat from large, remote areas, brought by the wind. Again, the forces of nature to do the collection work for us to compare a second exception to the rule (apart from your storm blowing at a wind propeller, without affecting it, or the sun burns a hole in the ground next to the Solar Panel, without affecting it).
The heat pump, as the name suggests, is pumping, the ambient heat to a higherTemperature, we can use, for example, heat water. His driving power is given off as heat to operating temperature, is not a loss (where is it in the fridge) and can deliver a heat pump 3-4 times more energy than what it takes to run it. If all the billions of dollars that are still in progress and has been wasted on wind propellers and solar collectors of various types would be to provide all households with heat pumps, many power plants could be closed down bynow and no more oil will be burned in their houses for heating. But this is a truth with modification. A huge polluting industry, probably with fossil fuels would be behind all these heat pumps, but that would be the same for wind propeller, solar panels and the production of hydrogen and fuel cells that make all that will be financed by the consumers and profits as well – the Second Law all right: "For free, only the sun rises'
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